Synthesis and Anticancerogenic Effect of New Generation Ruthenium-Based Nanoparticle from Homalothecium sericeum with Eco-Friendly Method

Nourhan Samir¹, Dilşad Özerkan^2*, Ferdane Danışman‑Kalındemirtaş³, İshak Afşin Kariper⁴, Huri Bulut⁵, Dürdane Serap Kuruca⁶, Ergin Murat Altuner⁷, Engin Ulukaya⁵

¹Istinye University, Molecular Cancer Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey

²Kastamonu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Kastamonu, Turkey

³Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Erzincan, Turkey

⁴Erciyes University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, Kayseri,, Turkey

⁵Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey

⁶Istanbul Atlas University, Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey

⁷Kastamonu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kastamonu, Turkey

* Corresponding author: dilsadokan@gmail.com

Background Green synthesis is a simple, inexpensive, and highly efficient method for the preparation of nanoparticles. In this study, ethanol extracts of Homalothecium sericeum (HOM) moss were used as reducing agents for the synthesis of biocompatible ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs). The ruthenium-based green synthesis method has not been used in any other work in the literature. UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Zetasizer, FTIR, and EDX-SEM were used to characterize the RuNPs synthesized by the green synthesis method, and their efficacy on cell viability was tested on HCT116 human colon cancer cells.

Methods UV spectroscopic measurements were used to study the release of HOM-RuNPs. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring protein expression of p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 by Western blotting. The presence of apoptosis was confirmed by double staining with Hoechst dye/propidium iodide under a fluorescence microscope. HOM-RuNPs were also tested for BCRP/ABCG2 expression to check for drug resistance.

Results HOM-RuNPs with a size of 70–80 nm were found to be most effective at a dosage of 5.71 μg/ml and induced cell death by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and p53 expression. It was also shown to reduce multidrug resistance protein (ABCG2), suggesting that it may be useful against multidrug resistance.

Conclusion Ruthenium-based nanoparticles synthesized by a green synthesis technique may be a candidate for anticancer drugs in the pharmaceutical industry and deserve further attention for proof-of-concept studies.

Keywords: Ruthenium nanoparticles; green synthesis; apoptosis; Homalothecium sericeum

How to cite: Samir N, Ozerkan D, Danisman-Kalindemirtas F, Kariper IA, Bulut H, Kuruca DS, Altuner EM, Ulukaya E. (2023) Synthesis and Anticancerogenic Effect of New Generation Ruthenium-Based Nanoparticle from Homalothecium sericeum with Eco-Friendly Method, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation. 1-2.

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